Quotations also set off titles of components of compositions when referred to elsewhere than in the composition itself, such as references to the following: Use of so-called preceding a term in scare quotes is redundant.Īvoid use of quotation marks to set off clichés (“This behavior creates lethal ‘blind spots’ in an organization”). They are unnecessary when naming something, even when the term is slang used for a meaning other than its original sense (“The process of extracting digital content is called ripping”). Quotation marks are sometimes employed as scare quotes and sneer quotes, which emphasize ironic usage (“After the bombing, no one remained alive in the village to celebrate its ‘pacification’”) or signal that a writer is using but not endorsing a term (“Beware executives who want to ‘leverage’ everything”). (Single quotation marks are used only to frame quotations within quotations, as in this section of this post, or in technical usage such as in linguistics texts.)Ī self-contained quotation is capitalized (“She asked, ‘Where are you going?’”) A partial quotation is not capitalized when it is syntactically integrated into the framing sentence (“He explained that they ‘had some issues to work out.’”) They also frame meanings and definitions (“That sign means ‘Stop’” “The definition of insanity is ‘Doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results’”). The primary use of double quotation marks (called, in British English, inverted commas) is to indicate direct quotation of spoken or written content.
marks possessive case (as in “John’s hat” or “the girls’ smiles”).marks omission of one or more letters (as in the contraction of cannot to can’t or, in an extreme case, of the substitution of fo’c’stle for forecastle).
The apostrophe signals that, depending on usage, one or more letters are missing or are being added to perform a grammatical function. This post details the function of various symbols that appear the top of a line of type to communicate additional information about the text.
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