The LMS was primarily used for uploading files online (Bates, 2014). Singh & Thurman ( 2019) explain that online learning emerged as a web-based system with the introduction of WebCT in 1995 that became the first-ever Learning Management System (LMS) followed by the Blackboard. Online learning is emerging as a vital strategy for higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide. The creation of strategic partnerships with civil society, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and the private sector generally is deemed vital for the mobilization of resources to support VIS in online learning spaces. Additionally, higher education institutions should strategically build the capacities of their faculty and staff to better serve VIS in online learning settings. Consequently, universities need to develop adaptive and agile policies through inclusive and participatory approaches.
Besides, the universities have specialized units to support students with special needs generally but their practices to support VIS in online settings have remained a challenge. Some forms of digital technology are also available in the studied institutions but their accessibility and usability remain a challenge to the VIS. The findings indicate that general policy frameworks are available in the studied universities but they are limited in salience and significance as they do not consider the inclusion of VIS in online learning.
To extend our understanding of this neglected but significant topic, this qualitative developmental phenomenographic study engages 14 faculty and six Administrators from two Ghanaian higher education institutions to explore challenges and possible strategies for the inclusion of VIS in online learning. Unfortunately, not much has been documented on how visually impaired students (VIS) have been included in online learning. It is also considered as a vital strategy for contributing to the UN SDG 4 agenda which aims at ensuring inclusive, equal and equitable lifelong education for all by the year 2030. Its actual and potential benefits are linked to improving access to and quality of education. Online learning has gained prominence in higher education institutions globally.
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